In the health sciences the same thing can be referred to using several different specialized terms. The concept of stroke, for example, could be referred to as stroke, cerebrovascular accident, or CVA.
Librarians organize and classify information according to what's known as a controlled vocabulary. This means that we consistently use the same term to describe the same thing. If half the articles were described with the term stroke and the other half with CVA, you'd have to perform two searches to find everything relating to the same concept.
The CINAHL Headings feature of the databases allows you to find out which term the database "prefers," as well as construct a search from those preferred terms and subheadings. The Headings' "tree view" also lets you see where a particular concept fits in with others.
Any Basic search in CINAHL begins by searching the CINAHL headings. You can also choose to search Headings from the tabs at the top.
When you search for a term in the Headings and click on any term, you'll get what's called a tree view. In the tree view below, the terms nervous system diseases and cardiovascular diseases are the broadest terms under which stroke could fit - it's like the trunk of the tree.
As you go down the list, the terms in the tree get narrower and more specific - like the trunk of a tree giving way to thinner branches. So stroke is a narrower term for cerebrovascular disorders, which in turn is a narrower term for brain diseases, and so on until you get back to the broadest term.
The terms that are indented at the same level are related terms. Carotid artery diseases, stroke, and vascular headache are all types of cerebrovascular disorders, so they are related to one another.
So how might you use this tree view?
On the search screen, type in your search term. Leave the bubble on Relevancy Ranked, and hit 'Browse.' In this example, we want to see if cerebrovascular accident is the term we should use to look for articles on stroke:
If your term is not in the controlled vocabulary, your results will tell you to Use: [preferred term], instead. In this case, we find that stroke, not cerebrovascular accident, is the preferred term:
For more information on what a term refers to, click on the caption in the Scope column, and an explanatory note will pop up. Below is the Scope note for stroke:
Now that you know the preferred term for the database, you can construct a search right from the Headings screen by following these steps:
1. Select the checkbox for the term or terms you'd like to search.
2. A menu of subheadings will appear to the right; these are specific aspects of the main term that you might like to focus on. Select one or more subheadings.
3. Click on the green Search Database button on the right side of the screen.
In this example, I've selected stroke and the Nursing subheading:
This search brings back over 650 article results!
650 results are really too many, though. You can narrow your search results back down to fit your search criteria by clicking on the Advanced Search link from this page. It will take you back to the Advanced Search page with the same search phrase you constructed (MH "Stroke/NU") still filled in.
From there, you can reset your limiters. If you reset the Full Text, Peer Reviewed, Any Author is a Nurse, and Journal Subset: Nursing limiters, for example, you'll go from 650 results to 8:
